Home recording preamp/mic/logic questions

What your looking for at the moment is a basic interface so that you can run inputs of quarter inch and xlr into your computer. Depending on how many inputs you want and wether or not you run firewire or usb will determine which interface is best for you. Focusrite usually hits the nail on the head for consumer interfaces that have great preamps and are affordable. Either of these will probably suit your needs: http://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/Scarlett2i2 or http://www.sweetwater.com/store/detail/SaffPro40. As far as mics it depends on really what you want to record. Honestly one of the biggest things that is going to make a difference for you outside of mics is wether or not your room is treated or what room you are capturing in. A shitty room sound with great mics will not get a good result. As far as basic mics for capturing guitar or vocals you would probably be fine getting a Shure sm57/58 or an Audix i5. That stuff is pretty industry standard and affordable.

I don't use logic, but I don't understand what you are trying to ask about raw audio? Whenever you record through an interface into logic you just setup the interface and you setup your sample rate and it will record at the highest quality it receives, which is the uncompressed raw audio.

Hope this helps!