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I've backpacked in Africa, South-America, Asia and Europe, so I sorta know what I'm talking about by now.
Africa is great. I haven't been to southern Africa yet, so it's probably a different story there, travel-wise, but there's few things that are true for almost every (hot) third world country:
- Only buy bottles of water or get sachets of water.
- Don't buy ANYTHING that's frozen. Most likely it's warmed up before it was frozen. Very likely to make you sick.
- No dairy products. Powdered milk is ok, the rest is a no-go.
- No salad. Period. If you need vitamins, buy (whole) fruit/vegetables on the streets. No pre-cut stuff there either. Just prepare it yourself.
- If you're buying food on the streets, always stand next to it when they're cooking/preparing it. If they offer you something they 'just' warmed up, don't buy it. Say you want somethig freshly cooked so you know all bacteria are dead. All above pointers pretty much have the same message: don't get food-poisoning. It's a bitch - especially when the only place to do your thang is a cockroach-infested shack with a 'toilet' (read: whole in ground) inside.
- Bring bleach. Or any other water desinfectant (Hadex and the likes). 1 drop per 100ml's (3 oz) of fluid kills pretty much anything inside (in 20 mins). Just in case you can't buy bottled water.
- When swimming, check with the locals where you can - they'll know. Most places aren't safe for swimming. Parasites and the likes are a bitch. Avoid them. Make sure to only swim in running water too.
- Don't use soap in rivers/ponds/lakes/natural water sources. Locals highly likely use the water for irrigation or even drinking water. You don't want to contaminate their freshwater source.
- Deet. Have it and plenty of it. Malaria is a big threat. And so are Tsetse flies. Both are extremely dangerous.
- This is probably unncesary to say, but you need Malaria medication. Malarone and Lariam are both good. Malarone must be taken every day. Malarone is very expensive, but most US health insurance policies cover it. Lariam, the other pill, is dirt cheap and has to be taken only once a week. Negative side to the Lariam is that some people get symptoms of insomnia/nightmares and feel 'down', I've never experienced this though.
- Get a travel-mosquito net. It's tiny, weighs nothing and makes your trip a lot more enjoyable.
- When peeing, don't do it in rivers or pools. There's parasites that swim up your urine streem and get into your dick (no joke).
- Get a big garbage bag and put it inside your backpack. There's nothing more annoying than having wet clothes and the probability of it raining when you're in sub-Saharan Africa is very big. Your backpack is probably not waterproof. You can also stash all your dirty clothes/underwear outside of the garbage bag; easy seperation of what's clean and what's dirty. Get a raincover for you backpack too. Stay dry.
- Get a first-aid kit. Might seem obvious, but chances are there's no medical care around and a scratch/cut can easily infect. Betadine/Iodine (disinfectant) is what you want for sure. Rehyrdration salts: Depending on the length of your stay, chances you'll get diarrhea are almost guaranteed (even when taking above security measures). If this happens: keep drinking water and add those salts. Dehydration is always a threat. 99.9% of tropical diarrhea causers are bacteria. Eventually they'll be worked out of your system. In general you don't want to take anti-diarrheal stuff (carbon based, or heavier), unless you absolutely have to be somewhere. Work it out of your system, don't rely on medication to get better, it won't happen and the agony will only last longer.
Now that's all the pointers related to being in awesome condition. Then there's the 'general' stuff:
- People are AWESOME. 99% of the people are genuinely nice and want to be your friend. Avoid the 1% who are out to rob/mug/kill/rape you. Not much advice here. Judge accordinly and have common sense.
- Public transport is king (and cheap). Meet people, make friends, have crazy (and sometimes awful) experiences. Backpacking (especially in Africa) isn't (and shouldn't) be 'fun'. It should be an adventure. Stranding in a little village because the bus has broken down? That's what makes it great (#adventure). Also: if you keep an eye on your stuff, public transport is really safe.
- When travelling with public transport, your backpack will probably end up on the roof of the bus/van (or whatever you're travelling with). KEEP AN EYE ON IT. At every stop, check to see if they're no taking it off, either intentionally or unintentionally, your luggage can come off when you're not.
- Never go out alone after 6pm. Most countries around the equator are pitch-black by this point. The bigger the group, the better.
- Do everything you want to do. Money is probably the biggest restraint. This is my general rule: if I want to do something, I do it - but the cheapest way possible. Don't go to luxirious hotels to feel like a king. Do as much different stuff you can do.
- No itinerary. Book a plain ticket there and a plane ticket back (same destination you came to - MUCH cheaper this way) You have no idea of what's gonna come your way.
- Immerse yourself in local culture, learn their language (Hi/How are you/Thank you/My name is ... - you'll make instant friends and get respect) and do what the locals do.
- Keep your most valuable personal belongings on you (passport being the most important one). Camera, wallet, phone are things you also want to take.
- I can highly recommend getting a 'cash pasport'. It's basically a travelers cheque that only works when you're showing your ID. When it gets stolen, no biggie. It uses the MasterCard (you can also opt Visa, not recommended) network and can be used at ANY bank. I once made the mistake of taking traveller's cheque. Never doing that again.
- Leave your smartphone and credit card at home. Smartphones have shitty battery life and if your credit card get's stolen you're in deep shit (like said above: get a cash passport). Buy a Nokia with 7-day battery life (especially since power black-outs are really common).
That's all I got for now. I'm sure there's more but this is all I can think of right now.
Have fun. I'm going on a big trip too after I finish my bachelors in a couple months. Can't wait. You can always send me a personal message if you feel like it.